5 Awkward Sentences

5 Awkward Sentences 5 Awkward Sentences 5 Awkward Sentences By Mark Nichol Countless slips up in building sentences are conceivable. Here are five irregular proclamations with grouped hindrances to cognizance, each joined by conversation and an amendment. 1. The previous month has seen two significant turns of events. Abstain from presenting the endowment of sight on lifeless things or on ideas, for example, span of time: â€Å"Two significant advancements have happened during the past month.† 2. The inquiry becomes why has everybody been not able to fathom this riddle. Treat the inquiry in a sentence developed thusly as though it were spoken: â€Å"The question becomes, ‘Why has everybody been not able to settle this puzzle?’† Alternatively, revamp the sentence with the goal that an immediate inquiry isn't expressed: â€Å"The question at that point gets one of why everybody has been not able to explain this puzzle.† 3. We would invite your suppositions and input on the aftereffects of this examination. Embeddings would in a plea that communicates what in advertising talk is known as a source of inspiration, a solicitation to the peruser to accomplish something because of a message, is a superfluous and useless (and charming) endeavor to sound affable. Rather than expressing, truly, that inviting sentiments and criticism is potential however not real, offer the expression increasingly decided by excluding the passing word: â€Å"We welcome your feelings and input on the consequences of this research.† 4. Extra procedures for episode giving and break revealing might be required to meet these necessities. Does this sentence imply that that the predefined extra procedures must fit in with recently referenced necessities, or that the procedures might be ordered so recently referenced prerequisites are met? Ordinarily, the expression â€Å"in request to,† going before an action word, can securely be precluded from a sentence. In any case, for this situation, its consideration will help in cognizance: â€Å"Additional forms for occurrence giving and break revealing might be required so as to meet these requirements.† 5. Those weight tests and related appraisals will explain how arranged the association is to make the real progress. Since the peruser can't promptly tell which grammatical feature arranged is (it tends to be either an action word or a descriptor, and is normally the previous), embeddings the intensifier a long time before it will impart a reasonable sign: â€Å"Those pressure tests and related appraisals will explain how decidedly ready the association is to make the real transition.† (Otherwise, a miscue may happen the peruser may expect that a thing has been precluded before the action word arranged: â€Å". . . how [the (blank)] arranged . . . .†) Need to improve your English shortly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Style classification, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:Good At, Good In, and Good WithUse a Dash for Number RangesWriting Styles (with Examples)

Stats26 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stats26 - Essay Example The consequences of a two-factor investigation of difference produce df = 1, 28 for the F-proportion for factor A, df = 2, 28 for the F-proportion for factor B, and df = 2, 28 for the Aãâ€"B collaboration. In view of this data, what is the all out number of various treatment conditions that were thought about in the examination? In a line chart demonstrating the outcomes from a two-factor try, the degrees of factor B are introduced on the X-hub and the line for A1 is reliably 5 focuses higher than the line for A2. What result is demonstrated by this example? A two-factor concentrate with two degrees of factor An and three degrees of factor B utilizes a different gathering of n = 5 members in every treatment condition. What number of members are required for the whole investigation? On the off chance that the mean and difference are registered for each example in an autonomous estimates two-factor explore, at that point which of the accompanying sorts of test information will in general produce enormous F-proportions for the two-factor ANOVA? The accompanying information speak to the methods for every treatment condition in a two-factor analyze. Note that one mean isn't given. What estimation of the missing mean will bring about no fundamental impact for factor A? The accompanying information speak to the methods for every treatment condition in a two-factor analyze. Note that one mean isn't given. What estimation of the missing mean will bring about no principle impact for factor B? 1. The outcomes from a two-factor analysis can be introduced in a network with the degrees of factor A framing the lines and the degrees of factor B shaping the segments, with a different example in every one of the lattice cells. Utilizing this network structure, portray the invalid speculation for every one of the three F-proportions processed in the two-factor examination. (3) A X B-connection: The invalid theory is that there is no communication between factors An and B. All the mean contrasts between treatment conditions are clarified by the primary impacts of the two components. 3. The accompanying table sums up the aftereffects of a

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 152

Synopsis - Essay Example Aside from these difficulties, school originators stays to be the organizers of the American advanced education in the history, particularly the evangelists, for example, Baptists and Methodists (Rudolph and John 57). The principle reasons why magnet schools are being built up are to advanced ethnic assorted variety, give a few projects to help in fulfilling individuals’ interests and abilities, and improve instruction measures. This article helps at investigating racial assorted variety and magnet schools (elective schools). The creator confirms that magnet schools are exceptionally settled in urban regions since they have huge students’ enlistment (Goldring and Claire 18). Under the subject â€Å"Magnet Schools and Desegregation†, the creator expresses that magnet programs point to immense achievement. He certifies that magnet programs exceptionally assists with blending students’ bodies extending from roughly 44%black to half white in primary schools. Subsequent to doing contextual analyses on four elective schools, it was presumed that magnet schools viably assists with concocting racially adjusted schools. In spite of the fact that incorporating magnet schools is e xcessively exorbitant, the advantages of such mixes merit the cost (25). Magnet schools can be utilized as an instrument for racial equalization. In this article, Clark Kerr furnishes college pioneers with five key purposes of direction on the sort of mentalities that cutting edge colleges ought to receive. The creator contends that the most serious issue that will influence higher learning establishments is tested in obliging the immense developing number of understudies. A few bearings of reacting in the short run that are given in this article incorporate, more privatization, more federalization, progressively open help development, compelling utilization of accessible assets, increasingly pluralistic administration, and more thoughtfulness regarding long haul development headings. One of the vulnerabilities that can be unmistakably perceived is the thing that will occur in the monetary profitability. The

Do We Need Ratings for What We Watch on TV Essay Example

Do We Need Ratings for What We Watch on TV Essay Do We Need Ratings for What We Watch on TV? Name: Organization: Do We Need Ratings for What We Watch on TV? We will compose a custom paper test on Do We Need Ratings for What We Watch on TV explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Do We Need Ratings for What We Watch on TV explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Do We Need Ratings for What We Watch on TV explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Presentation Each time one turns on the TV to watch, there are incalculable projects to look as there are numerous TV slots. The vast majority of these projects or practically every one of them make them rate delineated with certain letters, for example, TV-Y, TV-7, TV-G, TV-PG, TV-14 and TV-MA. Every one of these letters speak to the suitability of the program’s substance to the distinctive age gatherings. For example, TV-Y programs are intended for small kids while TV-MA programs are intended for grown-up as it were. The rating is controlled by substance, for example, express sexual bareness, intriguing discourse and savagery among different appraisals. The fundamental inquiry is whether we need these appraisals for each program that we see on TV. These TV appraisals have been around for just about two decades now. It is a TV content rating framework that was first presented in December 1996 however got viable in January 1, 1997 in the United States. Before it was presented, different evaluations existed, built up in 1968 by the Motion Picture Association of America film rating framework, MPAA which had set the measures (Linder Gentile, 2009). In any case, the more current TV evaluations were planned for setting up guidelines that would permit willful rating for the communicate and link systems. It was embraced by the greater part of the major United States communicate just as link systems, which was in light of open worry about the expanding level of unequivocal sexual material, realistic brutality just as solid foulness inside the TV programs. There are a few reasons why it is imperative to have these appraisals for TV (Linder, 2011). The fundamental explanation is a direct result of youngsters who are touchy and helpless ag ainst substance, for example, viciousness that would influence them at an early age. This examination paper looks to respond to the subject of whether we need appraisals for what we watch on TV. Writing Review A great deal of research has indicated that viewing of TV is identified with facilitating negative results in youngsters. A few investigations have discovered that TV observing particularly with rough substance is related with expanding hostility among kids just as expanded dread because of such savagery (Linder Gentile, 2009). Right now, it is unavoidable that youngsters will sit in front of the TV wherever they go thinking about that pretty much every family in the United States have a TV. Consequently, the evaluations come in to show what projects are appropriate for them so as to keep away from presentation to content that sometimes falls short for their age. This is particularly significant for guardians so as to shield their young ones from content that could influence them contrarily (Linder Gentile, 2009). The Rating System Before going much further towards addressing our inquiry, it is essential to take a gander at the evaluations and what they speak to so as to comprehend why they are required. The TV-Y implies it very well may be observed even by small kids. This is a program intended for small kids, with the topic being explicitly intended for the little youngsters matured somewhere in the range of 2 and 6 years. The substance isn't probably going to alarm them. Television implies the substance is intended for seven of ages 7 and more seasoned. The substance can contain some comic brutality that would not be reasonable for kids underneath these years who are yet to comprehend among the real world and pretend substance. Television G is intended for general crowd, which means anyone at any age can watch including kids even without parental direction. Be that as it may, this doesn't mean the program is explicitly intended for youngsters. The substance contains scarcely any brutality or explicitly situa ted scenes (ParentsTV.org, 2010). Television PG then again implies that youngsters can see the substance under parental direction since it might contain a few scenes of mellow savagery, interesting exchange and sexual setting. Television 14 then again implies that the program isn't reasonable for youngsters younger than 14 years. Such projects may contain scenes with viciousness, sexual movement, tranquilize use and foulness. Youngsters younger than 14 ought to be circumspectly checked in the event that they need to watch such substance. The last evaluating is TV-MA, which implies it is intended for grown-ups as it were. In this way, youngsters younger than 17 ought not be permitted to view such substance. Such projects contain more scenes of viciousness, sexual nakedness, irreverence and medication use (ParentsTV.org, 2010). Presenting youngsters to such substance at an early age could have negative effect on kids. Impacts of Adult Content on Children Research demonstrates that introduction to unequivocal material for kids have a negative impact that could influence their future life. Such substance tends to sexualize kids at an early age (ParentsTV.org, 2010). In the ongoing years, sexual substance has been on the on the expansion with numerous TV programs indicating a decent measure of it in any event, during primetime when youngsters are destined to b sitting in front of the TV. As per ParentsTV.org (2010), it was discovered that kids are presented to more than 10.8 occurrences of unequivocal grown-up content each hour, which implied presentation each five and a half minutes of sitting in front of the TV (ParentsTV.org, 2010). The examination completed indicated that kids seeing PG appraised content were probably going to be presented to sexual substance at a beginning period since the evaluations have keep on under rate a portion of the projects. With such introduction to sexual substance at an early age, the youngsters become sexualized at an age they ought not. The discoveries further show that a youngster viewing a PG appraised program in a time of about fourteen days would be presented to 181 occurrence of sexual substance, 239 occasions of presentation to hostile language and 217 examples with brutality. The finding further recommend that not exclusively were the youngsters presented to the unequivocal grown-up content after each five and a half minutes while watching PG appraised content, yet in addition that the rating came up short on the sub-evaluations that demonstrate what substance is contained in the program (ParentsTV.org, 2010). There were no descriptors to show the particular kind of substance. The descriptors incorporate ‘S’ showing sexual substance, ‘D’ demonstrating intriguing exchange, ‘L’ demonstrating coarse language and ‘V’ demonstrating brutality. Without the descriptors, guardians would not realize the substance that makes the program TV-PG. Along these lines; they h ave no idea about what the kids are viewing. This makes it difficult to shield the youngsters from wrong substance. The discoveries shows extremely negligible utilization of these descriptors, where 92% of unequivocal sexual substance was publicized without the ‘S’ descriptor, 36% of hostile language was disclosed without its descriptor, while 24% of this language included exceptionally cruel language (ParentsTV.org, 2010). A great part of the substance that kids were presented to from such substance incorporate words about sexual body parts, fractional bareness, inferred sex, discourse, curses, hostile designations, for example, ‘Bitch’ and ‘Jackass,’ among others (ParentsTV.org, 2010). Brutality included beatings, weapon viciousness, for example, shooting and wounding, dismantling among others including mutilation that is very unsafe to the youngsters (ParentsTV.org, 2010). All these substance isn't fitting for small kids that are powerless against such language and scenes of brutality and different practices including sexual confusion. Specifically, savagery and coarse language has an unquestionably more impact on kids since it can create negative practices. As indicated by KUNKEL (2006), brutality on TV influences kids in three different ways. The first is through improving learning of forceful conduct and disposition, the subsequent one is desensitization where children’s hardness to casualties of savagery increments lastly, expanding apprehension of turning into a casualty of viciousness. Of the three impacts, it is the first that has progressively antagonistic impacts where savagery in TV is known to build the affinity for vicious conduct. â€Å"The measurable connection between children’s introduction to savage depictions and their resulting forceful conduct has been demonstrated to be more grounded than the connection between asbestos presentation and the danger of laryngeal cancer†¦,† (Kunkel, 2006). Further, this investigation shows that savagery in the TV scene is across the board , implying that each youngster is probably going to consider some to be some point as previously mentioned. Furthermore, the savagery is introduced in a way that is sterilized just as glamorized, which can possibly influence kids more. At long last, introduction of savagery has remained very steady and keeps on expanding day by day with increasingly more amusement discharges constantly (Linder Gentile, 2009). Subsequent to observing quite a bit of such substance, the kids are typically anxious to know more and look for a clarification on the off chance that they don't as of now have the foggiest idea. Further, small kids are known to attempt a portion of the things they see on TV. It isn't unexpected to discover youngsters at a youthful age mirroring what they see on TV. With such conduct coming about because of watching improper substance, it merits having appraisals that unmistakably demonstrate the substance in the projects so as to secure the more youthful age. A great part of the conduct that is imitated is the savage ones and sexual acts they see on TV. More writing shows that kid

Greek Classicism And Hellenism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greek Classicism And Hellenism - Assignment Example Greek models of the human figure are additionally portrayed by the agreeable and adjusted anatomical extents as included by means of Polycleitos' The Doryphorus dated c. 450 †480 B.C. just as Myron's Discobolus inc. 450 B.C. Illuminate and style, etched Greek landmarks and articles primarily highlighted three-dimensional volumes of structures which bear genuine human shape in bust, middle, arm, appendage, and facial detail. Also, development of bare sculptures in those days was broadly common as Greeks implied bareness to represent courage, status, and thrashing among guys and through Praxiteles’ â€Å"Aphrodite of Cnidus†, in any case, the nakedness of the female goddess passes on her heavenly birth from the ocean and endless youth. Characterize the Hellenistic Style. Rundown the attributes. Give at any rate one model from the course reading. By and large, the Hellenistic Style anticipated complex advancement rendered upon a rich assortment of topic whereby the sp ecialists in the time of Hellenism looked to turn out to be progressively adaptable and creative in their treatment of the center object of the piece. Greek plans of craftsmanship might be seen to have concentrated on the chronicled setting or critical event accepted to mirror the job or personality of the figure assigned in it. Instead of causing the audience’s to notice the face of the picture, a Hellenistic work can charm sights into the whole scene just as it will undoubtedly spring up to convey an especially fascinating narrative.... enistic work can charm sights into the whole scene just as it will undoubtedly spring up to impart a specific intriguing account. One who at that point takes a gander at the piece would essentially investigate all that contained it remembering the direction of items for space and what may outward appearances mean in the given setting. â€Å"Laocoon and His Two Sons† in first century B.C.E. (p. 92) and â€Å"Nike of Samothrace† c. 190 B.C.E. (p. 92) are two of the noticeable works by which the idea of Hellenism might be perceived by means of the force of feeling evoked, in the case of developing out of disaster, triumph, enthusiasm, or different sources that inspire solid responses. (3) Why is the Parthenon thought about a significant accomplishment throughout the entire existence of engineering? Other than the way that the Parthenon is a sanctuary devoted to the Greek goddess Athena, its shows of configuration bore the captivating part of its being custom-made to turn i nto a â€Å"optical illusion†. To ordinary sight, the Parthenon would seem to comprise of straight lines, in truth be that as it may, each surface of it was cut for the edges to show plain yet bewildering direct point of view. Having been worked in the time and rule of Pericles, hailed as one of the best Athenian legislators ever and Father of Democracy who had the Parthenon set up with a dream of making Athens the focal point of Greek world, the design and building establishing the columnar sanctuary took years and many specialists to be directed to such an extent that it could withstand colossal recorded difficulties. It has remained right up 'til today, regardless of remnants, at the core of the Acropolis to be seen and considered dependent on the worldview of traditional design. (4) What elements added to Pax Romana (â€Å"Roman Peace†)? Pax Romana being an extensive stretch

When Alcoholic Liver Disease Hits Close to Home

When Alcoholic Liver Disease Hits Close to Home Addiction Coping and Recovery Personal Stories Print Alcoholic Liver Disease: One Mans Story He Just Couldnt Stop, No Matter What By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 07, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 06, 2018 GSO Images Collection/Photographers Choice RF/Getty images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Personal Stories Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use He knew the only way to save his life was to quit drinking, but he just couldnt stop, no matter how hard he tried. His name was Bobby. He wasnt my best friend; he was more like everybodys best friend. Everybody enjoyed his company, his sense of humor and his incessant teasing. I dont remember anyone who disliked Bobby. He was one of those people that you immediately felt comfortable around. Everybody Loved Bobby. I dont ever remember seeing Bobby drunk, but I never saw him sober either. You may know what I mean: he could drink all day and you could never tell it by the way he looked, acted or talked. I suppose that was because he drank constantly. Nobody could tell the difference. It was more likely due to the fact that he had built up such a tolerance to alcohol and it no longer had any outward effects on his behavior. Quit Are You Are Going to Die On the way to work in the mornings, he would pull into the backyard of one of his friends, pop the trunk, get his fifth of whiskey and take a long swig right out of the bottle. Hed get back into the car and drive off to work. Every morning. Thats when he was still able to work. When he began having health problems, the doctor immediately diagnosed him with cirrhosis of the liver, a type of alcoholic liver disease. They told him to quit drinking or he was going to die.? Jaundiced and Still Drinking God knows he tried to quit. He tried to work the 12-step program again and again, and saw the inside of more than one alcohol treatment center. After 28 days of no alcohol, a balanced diet, and megadoses of vitamins, Bobby would feel a lot better. Hed celebrate by having a drink --the minute he was released. Later came the medical hospitals. When jaundice set in he was forced into having a complete blood transfusion, which helped for a while. Six weeks later, Bobby would be back needing another transfusion. He Swore He Was Not Drinking After his second trip to the hospital and second transfusion, Bobby came to me looking for work. Hed been fired from every auto dealership and mobile home lot in town at least once and had few options. Since he swore to me he was not drinking - and because with his great personality he was a great salesman - I got him a position in our sales department. He seemed to be doing a lot better. One morning a few weeks later I was at work before anyone else. I was upstairs in the break room fixing a pot of decaf and glanced out the window to see Bobby pull into the back alley parking area. He got out of the car, popped the trunk, got his bottle and turned it up. Nothing had changed. He was just trying to hide it now, even from his oldest friends. It is painful to watch someone you care about continue to drink when they know it is killing them. Saying Goodbye to a Friend The last time I saw Bobby he was in the hospital again. His skin was completely yellow and his eyes were sunken into his head. Bobby, you need to hurry up and get out of this place, I want to go fishing! I told my friend of more than 30 years. Then I placed my hand on his weary head and told him I loved him and God loved him too. I knew I was saying goodbye. When I left the room I called all of his old friends: If you want to see Bobby again, you better get on over to the hospital. Quickly. Most of them were able to get there in time. They buried him four days later. He was in his mid-40s. Survivors included a four-year-old daughter. Too Much Alcohol for Far Too Long For Bobby, there was just too much alcohol for far too long for his liver to remain healthy. An estimated 25,000 people a year die as a result of alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol abuse can cause a condition called fatty liver or another called alcoholic hepatitis -- both of which can be treated, but only if alcohol consumption is stopped. If drinking continues, these conditions will cause cirrhosis of the liver. Hardening of the Liver What happens is the liver begins to harden. Scar tissue develops in the bodys largest internal organ which hinders its ability to filter blood. When the scar tissue develops to a certain point, the liver can no longer do its work. The problem is the liver performs more than 1,500 functions for the body, including more than 300 that are believed to be life-saving procedures. If the liver stops doing its job, all kinds of health problems develop quickly and death can come rapidly. Functions of a Healthy Liver The liver detoxifies poisons, both those produced by the body and those from outside; filters bacteria from the blood; regulates fat metabolism; stores and manufactures vitamins; regulates and manufactures cholesterol and fats; synthesizes proteins; maintains the bodys water and salt balance; secretes bile for the digestion of fat; stores energy (in the form of glycogen) helps regulate overall body metabolism; transforms the highly toxic ammonia (produced by exercise and by metabolism of proteins) into urea which is eliminated in the urine; manufactures lipoproteins for fat and cholesterol transport; and metabolizes alcohol. If the liver stops doing any of these jobs, or numerous others it does constantly, the result can be fatal.

Is Performance Related Pay a Proven Path to Improving Employee Performance and Job Satisfaction

Is Performance Related Pay a Proven Path to Improving Employee Performance and Job Satisfaction? Introduction This paper is aimed at understanding whether performance-related pay can lead to improvement in employee’s performance and job satisfaction. In order to answer this question, it is first of all necessary to research the nature of this payment system, analyze the reasons why employers choose it for their organizations. It is also necessary to consider its types and analyze their advantages and disadvantages. Then, it will be possible to properly understand the ways, in which performance-related pay influences job satisfaction and performance of the employees. In order to do it properly, results of various studies will be analyzed. In the end recommendation on the choice of appropriate pay scheme will be offered and overall conclusions will be drawn to finally answer the initial question. Performance-Related Pay: Definition and General Features Performance-related pay (PRP) represents a kind of payment system that depends on the employee’s performance. It can be completely or partially dependent on performance and usually it has a form of bonuses over some set sum of money (Heywood and Wei, 2006). There are different variants, on which payment can be based, such as performance of the whole organization, its division, team or individual results. Usually PRP involves the following three stages: development of the criteria, with the help of which employee’s performance will be assessed, defining whether employees meet the set criteria and link the achievements of employees to the payment structure. There can be different performance measures like knowledge, skills and some behavioral indicators. The main arguments for PRP usage is that with its help motivation is increased, as well as cooperation is better established and firm’s results are maximized. The main opposing arguments state that firm’s risks are transferred in this way to the employees, which can affect their performance negatively. Advantages and disadvantages of PRP will be researched in detail in separate sections of this paper. PRP schemes usually vary on the basis of different criteria, such as the area in which business works, the size of the company, different approaches to the choice of employees, etc. Still, it is possible to distinguish the following common features, which are characteristic practically of all the PRP schemes: Performance is usually reviewed regularly (once a year or more frequently) and assessed on the basis of the agreed criteria or standards. This process is called performance appraisal. When the appraisal is complete, usually employees are subdivided into separate groups on the basis of their performance rates. Reward is defined for each group. Reward methods usually vary, but most often they involve a cash bonus and/or salary increase. In order to properly describe the PRP concept, it is also necessary to understand the main reasons driving employers when they decide to implement such schemes into their practice. First of all, in this way it is convenient to identify the company’s problems of underperformance and reward achievements. It is thought that in this way employees will become motivated towards better results and achievement of company’s targets. Objectives are effectively clarified in this way and employees start to better understand the firm’s mission and goals. Flexible payment systems are introduced in this way, while retention and recruitment problems can be effectively solved. Peculiarities of PRP also depend on its types. Every organization has to understand which form is the most suitable in each particular situation and carefully select and develop the PRP scheme. Types of Performance-Related Pay The most widespread types of PRP are the following (McNabb and Whitfield, 2007): Organization-wide incentives. In this type pay levels are usually based on the quantities measured for the whole company. Piecework. In this case each unit of output is paid for separately. One of the most vivid and clear examples is bonuses of football players, who get them for scored goals. Profit-related pay. Bonuses are based on the profit of organization. This type is widespread in the private sector. Payment by output and time. Distinction between the payments by these factors has long been vague and today they are often combined. Individual performance related pay. It is one of the recent developments, in which bonuses are based on appraisal or evaluation of employee’s performance against agreed criteria. Commission. In this case payments are calculated on the basis of percentage from turnover or sales. This type is the most appropriate for sales and other sectors of goods distribution. Measured day work. It is a composite system occurring in a number of forms, but payment depends on the measured output. Merit pay. Bonuses and payment levels depend on the general evaluation of employee’s contribution to the whole firm’s performance. Individual schemes of performance-related incentives are usually aimed at facilitation of better performance of each employee, as it is considered that people perform better if the understand how their actions contribute to the actual sum of money they receive. Group schemes are usually directed at promotion of collective work for objectives achievement. In both cases there are certain advantages and disadvantages. Advantages of Performance-Related Pay PRP has benefits in multiple fields both for employees and employers. First of all, let me describe advantages for employees (Rynes, Gerhart and Parks, 2005): 1) career boost: if effectively implemented, employees with the help of PRP can effectively monitor their own performance and further their careers. For those who perform well it is also possible to back their words up and prove that they deserve bonus or salary increase. 2) rewards: employees usually receive rewards in cash. 3) pay increase: in many cases employees receive minimal wage at first, but with the help of PRP they can considerably increase their profits. 4) satisfaction: the feeling that work is appreciated and rewarded can lead to increase in the level of job satisfaction. For companies PRP has the following advantages (Weibel, Rost and Osterlok, 2009): 1) staff motivation: it is considered that by receiving bonuses for actual results staff will be more result-oriented and motivated. 2) attraction of new talents: usually such approach attracts qualified professionals. 3) staff productivity increase: staff productivity can be significantly increased if appropriate PRP scheme is selected. 4) existing employees don’t leave their jobs: employees who are performing well and are properly rewarded for this are likely to be loyal to the company. 5) goals achievement: by introducing PRP employers encourage people to achieve the company’s goals. Disadvantages of PRP Various studies on PRP revealed problems in different areas. First of all, it is necessary to consider staff moral and motivation. In particular, the major problem is that often PRP schemes are not as effective as they are supposed to be. Frequently in the public sector it is conditioned by cash limits that rewards have, owing to which the amount of offered money just cannot motivate employees enough. Moreover, if managers are not properly trained or when communication is inadequate with staff, it can negatively influence the employees’ morale. PRP influence on employee performance will be further developed in a separate section of this paper. The fact that PRP schemes usually depend on individual worker’s appraisal, which is often performed by the line managers, here personal favoritism and bias can influence results of payment decisions. If employees think that their work is evaluated unfairly, it can bring about negative results, such as decrease in performance not only of the offended individual, but also of the whole organization. Short term focus in this way is promoted and team work is undermined, which can lead people to believe that their pay doesn’t depend on performance, but instead – on the skills of establishing connection with supervisors. Among the other disadvantages that researchers found there is a fact that PRP accentuates differences between the highest and the lowest paid workers (Lazear, 2000). It is also often difficult to design proper objectives so as all employees considered them to be fair and realistic. The measures of performance, especially in the case of individual incentives programs, are often costly to implement. It is often difficult to choose appropriate time frames for the rewards, as if they are too long-term, they can be not enough motivating for employees. If they are too short-term, it can contradict the interests of the organizations. If PRP schemes are not properly designed, they can interfere with the other company’s programs and initiatives. It is also possible to define certain drawbacks for individual and group PRPs separately. Thus, the first variant is problematic, as work team’s output can exceed the amount of individual contributions. It is also difficult to properly evaluate each employee’s contribution into the overall firm’s performance. Individual PRP schemes can also be implemented in inconsistent and arbitrary manner, which is why unhealthy competition can be facilitated, reducing output levels. It was also defined that work where continual changes are required can considerably suffer from PRP schemes, as employees’ resistance to changes often increases, as those who already have bonuses and rewards understand that after changes this can stop. As for the PRP schemes based on group incentives, their main disadvantage is occurrence of the so-called free rider problem (Che and Yoo, 2001). It happens because individual’s lack of contribution can have little effect on the general result. Thus, a person can do practically nothing for company’s advantage, but still receive rewards owing to increased efforts of the rest of the staff. PRP Impact on Employee Performance There have already been conducted numerous researches on the actual influence PRP schemes have on increasing employees’ performance. Their results often contradict one another, as rather often it is discovered that such schemes have absolutely negative impact, while other show considerable improvements in this area. It can be explained by various reasons, such as research of the firms with improperly selected PRP schemes and other peculiarities. For example, one of the studies conducted Ariely et al. (2005) showed that PRPs are effective only if purely mechanical work is involved. When at least rudimentary cognitive skills are required, the performance decreases significantly. If we take into account the drawbacks described in the previous section, it becomes clear, why employee’s performance can be negatively affected by PRPs. Still, studies that mainly focus on middle income countries often prove that PRP schemes are very effective in terms of increasing performance (Muralidharan and Sundararaman, 2011). It can be explained by the fact that participants and authors of these studies are more concerned about signaling function that PRP schemes perform for the public (that lazy workers are punished). Maybe they are just more oriented towards the benefits PRP schemes have (Marsden, 2009). If the results and conclusions of various studies are analyzed, it becomes absolutely clear that more research is needed. One of the recent retrospectives by Perry et al. (2008), which covers 57 studies on this issue, shows that in order to get a clear picture, it is necessary to move beyond the simple evaluation of employees’ perceptions and attitudes. PRP Impact on Job Satisfaction Different studies were conducted to establish how PRP influences job satisfaction level of employees. In particular, there were defined particular factors that positively influence job satisfaction. Among them there is a statement that employees enjoy work environments were their productivity is properly rewarded, which considerably increases their optimism. High-performance workplaces also contribute to the sense of employees’ belonging, commitment and esteem. Studies by Bauer (2004) and Goddard (2001) in particular show positive connection between PRP and high job satisfaction level. Still, there are reasons that account for PRP negative influence on employee satisfaction. The main reason is inappropriately selected or realized PRP scheme (Clark, 2001; Frey and Jegen, 2001). If workers feel dissatisfied with the fairness of bonuses distribution, or other aspects, described in the PRP disadvantages section of this paper, it is impossible for them to be satisfied with their workplace. The fact that such schemes can be implemented only as disciplinary measures, which in reality will result in the increased work effort and lower satisfaction, also accounts for negative influence. In a study conducted by Green and Heywood (2008) many separate dimensions of job satisfaction problems were analyzed and determined. As a result, evidence was provided that on the whole PRP tends to increase employees’ job satisfaction and security. One of the concerns analyzed in the study is that PRP leads to work intensification, which can result in employees’ dissatisfaction with work. Still, in this study no such concerns were backed up. Still, the authors of the study state that their results shouldn’t be interpreted so that job satisfaction will definitely increase along with PRP schemes introduction, as results will differ on the basis of the selected schemes and their appropriateness in each particular case. Recommendations on PRP Schemes Choice and Implementation The above found results demonstrated how important it is to choose appropriate PRP schemes and to realize them wisely. Thus, it is possible to offer the following recommendations on how to choose and implement schemes so as to increase job satisfaction and performance of employees: Transparency. At all the levels (collective and individual) the process of appraisal and rewards distribution should be clear and transparent. Negotiability on design and objective. From the very beginning employees should participate in the development of criteria of future assessment and all the other important features. Piloting. In order to make sure that the scheme is effective, it is necessary to have it piloted, Training. Management and workers should receive appropriate training. Adequate appraisal. Managers should always have enough time for appraisal. Fairness in operation. Scheme realization process should be fair and clear for the staff. Realistic goals. It is necessary to define goals and objectives that can be really achieved. System explanation. It is necessary to ensure that the PRP scheme is clear for all the employees and managers. Conclusions As a result of research conducted in the course of this paper writing, various studies on PRP were analyzed. With their help, it became possible to properly analyze the PRP schemes, define their types, advantages and disadvantages. The main pros of this payment system are employees’ increased motivation and performance. What is interesting, there was discovered that the main drawbacks lie in the actual decrease of these indicators, which is related to the possibility of inappropriate choice of the PRP scheme.